Tlc Analysis of a Drug Component Essay Example

Tlc Analysis of a Drug Component Essay To: Wesley Clark From: Lizzie Heath Date: March 4, 2013 Subject: Thin-Layer Chromatographic Analysis of Drug Components (Experiment #15) The purpose of this experiment is to determine the components of an unknown drug and identify it as one of six (6) commercial drugs by using thin-layer chromatography. I added approximately a quarter of a tablet of acetaminophen, aspirin, caffeine, ibuprofen, salicylamide, and the unknown (#19) to separate test tubes containing 2. 5mL of dichloromethane. I noticed that my unknown was a coated tablet. Each test tube was swirled until the greatest amount of each solid was dissolved. Each solution was spotted along a labeled starting line on the silica gel TLC plate. The TLC plate was put into a developing chamber containing 200:1 acetic acid and allowed to developed until the solvent reached almost to the top of the TLC plate, which took about 10 minutes. When the TLC plate finished developing, I observed the plate under UV light and noticed that the salicylamide was the only spot that fluoresced purple while all the other spots fluoresced blue and I also noticed that the unknown had 2 spots. We will write a custom essay sample on Tlc Analysis of a Drug Component specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tlc Analysis of a Drug Component specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tlc Analysis of a Drug Component specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I traced around the spots for each solution on the TLC plate, the only spot that I did not see was the one for the ibuprofen. I then placed it into an iodine chamber and noticed that the acetaminophen turned a yellowish color. I measured that the solvent traveled 64mm up the TLC plate by using the starting line as a reference, and, by using that information, I was able to calculate the Rf value of each solution by using: Rf= distance traveled by the spot Distance traveled by the solvent I used that formula to get the following information for the table below: Commercial DrugRf Value Acetaminophen0. 500 Aspirin0. 781 Caffeine0. 125 Ibuprofen0 Salicylamide0. 719 Unknown0. 109 0. 734 I am able to determine that my unknown substance contains aspirin, but I am not sure what the other substance is. I can speculate that the other substance is the coating from the tablet of the unknown.

Do not miss these cities while exploring Europe

Do not miss these cities while exploring Europe The lesser-known European cities which are worth tourist attention Paris, Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Florence, Berlin†¦All these famous cities have become the visiting cards of Europe. However, there are many other European cities which deserve our attention as well. They have a lot of interesting things to offer. These underrated cities are full of hidden cultural and historic treasures. So, it is high time to explore them.   The charming, cobblestone city of Maastricht This Dutch city will definitely impress you with its French and Belgian twists in the architecture, Roman and Spanish ruins, and sophisticated drink and food. It is considered to be one of the oldest cities in the Netherlands. Maastricht is a lively and energetic place with beautiful historic streets and a distinct international spirit. The biggest attractions of Maastricht are the underground tours to the casemates. It would be very interesting to walk through the tunnels and listen to the stories about the life underground. You can also enjoy the stunning Limburg landscapes during a boat ride over the river Meuse. Don`t forget to visit the annual European Fine Art Fair and enjoy the artworks of contemporary and modern artists. The ancient, Arabic-inspired city of Cadiz The Andalusian city of Cadiz is almost entirely surrounded by water. It has no shortage of breathtaking views and tourist attractions. White houses, open plazas, cobblestone streets, wonderful beaches and seafood, and charming old center – all these things will definitely impress every visitor of Cadiz. This city is well known for its fabulous seafood and fish. At El Faro restaurant you can enjoy some delicious local dishes. Don`t forget to take an excursion to Castillo San Sebastian, which is a magnificent historic fortress, linked to the sea by a tidal causeway. Hamburg – a Germany`s Gateway to the World Hamburg is the second largest city in Germany, the biggest port, and the centre of international trade. It is one of Germany`s wealthiest cities. There are a lot of attractions in Hamburg which are really worth your attention. There is always something to marvel at the Fish Market, HafenCity, and Port of Hamburg. You can visit the century-old Speicherstadt, which is the world-largest contiguous warehouse complex. Elbphilarmonie in HafenCity is a new cultural and urban landmark of Hamburg. It is one of the ten best concert halls in the world, where you can enjoy the classical music culture, music of the 21st century and sophisticated light music. The Portugal city of Porto will become your love at first sight Its higgledy-piggledy medieval centre, charismatic locals, divine food and wine, beautiful monuments and bridges, tiles, shopping streets, hipster bars, flowering balconies, baroque churches, and colorful cliffs will definitely leave you breathless. This city looks like it has emerged from the pages of a storybook. The River Douro on the Gaia side and the historic centre of Porto belong to the World Heritage. Don`t miss to visit Casa do Infante, by Riberia, enjoy the great beaches and cafà © terraces at the mouth of the river Douro, explore Porto by night, try a francesinha, which is one of Porto`s specialties, and stroll through the Parque da Cidade, down the seafront. Perugia – the picturesque Umbrian city with rich history Perugia is a substantial town city with good transport links and a number of historical attractions. It is a medieval, hilltop city that rises above the lush vineyard and hills. It is a major center of medieval art and a major producer of chocolates. It is a home of the Eurochocolate Festival and Umbria Jazz Festival. The Saint Peter`s Basilica is one of the most significant and symbolic landmarks of the city. Fontana Maggiore is the main symbol of Perugia. It is a perfect holiday destination with the beauty of the architecture and active leisure active ideas. The charming city of Aarhus has plenty to offer Aarhus is the second-largest city in Denmark, which is full of opportunities for tourists. It is surrounded by beautiful nature. Here you will find wonderful areas for running, walking, and biking. It has several attractions that are renowned internationally. Den Gamle By, ARoS Aarhus Art Museum, Musikhuset Aarhus, Moesgaard Museum, and Tropical Houses at the Botanical Garden are the absolute best attractions in Aarhus. You should definitely visit this city if you are interested in art and architecture.

Strategic Recommendations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Recommendations - Research Paper Example Members are assisted in order to achieve their purposes and goals but they are also required to adhere to the AFP code of ethical fundraising. Programs that advocate for social and cultural diversity among members and leaders are implemented by AFP which fosters international cooperation. Conducting research and presenting the findings is another mission of AFP as well as provision of reliable certification to fundraising professionals (AFP, 2006). According to AFP (2006), the organization bases all its principles on the professional code of ethical standards which are strictly adhered to. The organization encourages people to volunteer, offer support or gives donations to the non-profit making organization that improve the quality of life and living standards of the community members. AFP and the philanthropic sector are directly tied. Community members are empowered through AFP’s activities of promoting professional services in philanthropy and fundraising. AFP members are a lso involved in most charitable organizations which offer solutions in difficult medical problems, support children programs, serve victims in disasters, ensure good care for the environment and animals and also support education and art. AFP stakeholders behind its success are the members, donors, local and international chapters, volunteers, employees, directors and professionals that ensure that the organization meets the set goals. As stated in the official AFP website, the creation of a new AFP Strategic Partners Program was to enable the organization partner with other leading organizations to support the profession and advance effective ethical fundraising. Visa and Blackbaud are among the current AFP strategic partners that offer assistance to the organization’s initiative (AFP, 2006). Summary of Project 1 Evaluation Findings The most active program in the Association of Fundraising Professionals is the Professional Development Program. In the AFP 2011-2013 strategic plan major priority has been given to the strategic partnership and international growth development. The strategic partnership however allows a limited number of 8 partners per year. AFP allows these partners to offer assistance in areas that benefits its members such as education, enabling the organization to cut on cost and channel the resources to other critical areas (Sheehan, 2010). The 7 measures of success for the association of fundraising professionals in a project are very crucial for AFP. With the current economic challenges, the non-profit sector has become more complex and very competitive in terms of funds acquisition and donors/ volunteers. The organization has for this reason developed a strategic plan to address sectors such as education, services offered by members, ethical fundraising, finance and organizational relationships. AFP approaches issues of accountability and management by providing their members with tools to analyze the budgets and ensure efficient a llocation of the limited funds. The interaction between the organization and the customer enhances good relationships that are encouraged through training, open communications through blogs, discussion groups and conferences. In the alignment of products and services with mission, AFP has developed products and services that meet customer needs in accordance to the organi

Answer questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Answer questions - Essay Example Divorce, advancing technology, or a generation gap does not make teens act fearful, vainly, or irresponsibly. This is part of a rite of passage into adulthood that all humans must go through. Teens have not lost their minds, they are acting out naturally. Teachers and educators must realize that these themes are a fact. Instead of trying to make teens conform and think like adults, teachers need to reach out to teens on their level. Instead of disregarding fears, teachers need to realistically come down on a teen’s level in order to counsel a teen effectively. For example, a teen girl comes to an educator with the confession that she is being abused physically by a boyfriend. It is real easy to say ‘leave him’. However, most adult women cannot leave an abuser. The teacher needs not only to speak with the teen, but recommend a counselor. Most teachers will go straight to the parents or the cops. This causes more problems for the teen. Teens need to be taught how to control the fear. Maybe peer counseling or a teacher can share past experiences as a teen. The most important factor would to understand the teen’s fear and not dismiss it. Another strong theme was about good teachers and not seeing enthusiasm for a subject. Teachers do get tired of teaching the same subject over and over. The same curriculum is used year after year, with a few changes like new books. Teachers must love the subject they are teaching, or they would not have majored in it. Instead of teaching the same curriculum over and over, teachers might try to change their schedules, activities, or assignments within the curriculum. For example, a history teacher could have used the 2008 election for exciting lessons on the Civil Rights, Susan B. Anthony, Vietnam, World War I and II (McCain’s father and grandfather), Africa, Kenya (Obama’s father), and other subjects. The options are endless. Math teachers could have

Success is about hard work and not luck Essay Example for Free

Success is about hard work and not luck Essay This is the case of 74 year old male patient heavy smoker (2 packs per day) presenting to the floor of MGH for the above chief complaints. History goes back to 15 days when the patient noticed 3 successive episodes of blood with urination at morning, one hour apart, painless ,of large amount, complete stream ,also the patient recorded that he saw 2 pieces of clots after voiding at noon of same day .then the color of urine was back to normal as the patient said. there’s associated nocturia, urgency, and drippling of one month duration .also weight loss of 15 kg within 3Â  months.NO burning sensation , no pain ,no dysuria, no fever ,no flank pain,no back pain, no nausea no vomiting, no constipation ,no other system involved symptoms. The patient was admitted to MGH for further investigations. PMH : DM 25 years ago HTN 10 years ago CAD 10 years ago Medications: concor 5 mg one at morning aspicot 100 mg OD Lipitor 20 mg OD glucophage 750 mg PO BID amaryl 4 mg PO daily tritase 10 mg PO daily PSH: CABG, hemorroidectomy , left herniectomy, right hip fixation by plates and screws(duration unknown by the patient). Family history: Mother(DM,HTN,CAD) Allergy : No known drug or food allergy. Physical examination: General examination: The patient is conscious, cooperative, oriented, pale, sitting, thin , cachectic ,having foley catheter.(seen 2 days postop) Vital Signs: RR: 24/min Pulse: 64/min Temp.: 37.4 C BP: 160/90 mmhg. HEENT : pallor, no cyanosis, no jaundice, no ecchymosis, no mouth ulcers , bad oral hygiene Decreased visual acuity (presbiopia) ,arcus senilis ,diplopia No tinnitus, no vertigo (Dix hallpike test not done) Chest ex:good bilateral air entry. No rub, no crepitations, no wheezes. cardiac ex: Regular S1S2 with no murmurs. Abdomen ex: 1. Inspection: non distended symmetrical abdomen No visible pulsation or peristalsis No localized bulge Male pattern of hair distribution Umbilicus is slightly shifted downwards, no discharge No full flanks Normal subcostal angle No spider angiomas No visible veins No scars, or scaling red colored urine(in the foley’s bag) but the urine is clear due to irrigation of bladder 2.Auscultation: audible bowel sounds, no renal artery bruit 3.Palpation: soft non tender abdomen, warm, no palpable masses, Lower border of liver is not felt, upper border at 5th ICS along the MCL Spleen is not palpable Both kidneys are not palpable , no CVA tenderness. no suprapubic pain. 4.Percussion:tympanitic urinary bladder 5.DRE: not done 6.Genitalia examination: not done Lower limbs :positive pedal pulses no lower limb edema, no redness no bruises no muscular atrophy. Differential diagnosis: 1- bladder cancer 2- BPH 3- Prostatitis 4- Urolithiasis 5- Prostate cancer incidental or advanced. Investigations : Labs : CBCD, BUN, Creatinine ,electrolytes, CRP, HBA1C,FBS,LDL,HDL,triglyceride PT ,PTT ,PSA, urine analysis and culture. Imaging : CT urography(uroscan),cystoscope and urine cytology. What was done at the hospital : Item Minumum Maximum Value pre op Hemoglobin Urine analysis : normal Ultrasound of pelvis : no post residue voiding ,small thick wall, prostate is enlarged measuring 39 grams Management : Control the glucose level preop TURBT TURP to relieve obstruction with biopsy of prostate Send the samples to pathology and wait the results. If the tumor did not invade the detrusor muscle it’s superficial and managed according to grading and depth (Ta low grade TUPBT only ,T1 low grade or Ta high grade TURBT + intravesicle injection of chemotherapy , T1 high grade TUPBT and relook after 1 month) if invade the detrusor muscle : T2 = metastatic workup CT abdomen ,chest , and bone scan.then remove the bladder and do urinary divergence by neobladder or ileostomy(conduit).

Abandoning the Constitution in the Fight Against Terrorism Essay

Abandoning the Constitution in the Fight Against Terrorism    During his terms as governor of Texas, George W. Bush made it clear that he was ignorant of the Constitution by denying due process to the people he executed and refusing effective counsel to indigent inmates.   As president, Bush, terrorized by terrorists, is abandoning more and more of the fundamental rights and liberties that he-and his subordinates-assure us they are fighting to preserve. On Thursday, November 15, William Safire-The New York Times' constitutional conservative-distilled Bush's new raid on the Constitution: "Misadvised by a frustrated and panic-stricken attorney general, a president of the United States has just assumed what amounts to dictatorial power to jail or execute aliens. . . . We are letting George W. Bush get away with the replacement of the American rule of law with military kangaroo courts. . . . In an Orwellian twist, Bush's order calls this Soviet-style abomination 'a full and fair trial.' " What Bush has done by executive order-bypassing Congress and the constitutional separation of powers-is to establish special military tribunals to try noncitizens suspected of terrorism. Their authority will extend over permanent noncitizen American residents, lawfully living in the United States, as well as foreigners. The trials will be held here or in other countries-like Pakistan or "liberated" Afghanistan-and on ships at sea. The trials will be in secret. There will be no juries. Panels of military officers will be the judges-with the power to impose the death penalty if two-thirds of these uniformed judges agree. There will be no appeals to any of the sentences. (Even in regular court martials, judges must rule unanimous... ... Supreme Court (Olmstead v. United States, 1928), foreshadowed the advent of George W. Bush: "Our Government is the potent, the omnipresent teacher. For good or ill, it teaches the whole people by its example. Crime is contagious. If the Government becomes a lawbreaker, it breeds contempt for law; it invites every man to become a law unto himself; it invites anarchy. . . . To declare that in the administration of the criminal law, the end justifies the means . . . would bring terrible retribution. Against this pernicious doctrine this Court should resolutely set its face." In 1928, the Supreme Court agreed with the government's subversion of the Fourth Amendment's privacy protections-setting the initial stage for the current vast expansion of electronic surveillance by the Bush administration-and not only over suspected terrorists. The Court has another

A Maya Village: The Folk-Urban Continuum Essay

The â€Å"folk-urban continuum† model elaborated by Robert Redfield continues to reappear from time to time in various guises. The concept of the continuum has been attacked as being simplistic, and overgeneralized, not least because many geographers have detected village-type communities within large cities. Redfield’s speculations about what he saw as the significant changes from the folk to the urban end of the continuum are based on studies conducted in the Yucatan during the early 1930s. It’s essential elements focus on the fact that as a community moves from the folk to the urban end of the continuum, there occur shifts from cultural intimacy and organization to disorganization. Along with this there is collective or community orientation to individualization; and the sacred to the secular. Folk cultures are borne by small, closely-integrated social units or by aggregates of such units which have already worked out satisfactory mutual adjustments. Redfield characterized the folk societies he had been studying as traditional, spontaneous, and uncritical where men follow similar lifestyles. These patterns remain clear throughout the generations. In sum, the folk society holds its traditions to heart and doesn’t question their way of life. These lifestyles are practically sacred. In modern civilization, on the other hand, the small social units are being broken down, giving place to masses of individuals who are much more loosely interrelated than the members of the former local groups and classes. In modern civilizations, culture is being reduced. Our own civilization is simply a blend of differences which he must choose. The concepts of folk religion and folk belief–at least when filtered through Redfield’s categories–are descriptive anthropological categories meant to aid in the attempt to understand the conditions and development of certain kinds of society. In part, Redfield’s concept of folk or peasant culture was meant to provide an alternative to the division of societies into primitive and modern categories. The concept relied on a distinction between â€Å"an isolated primitive community, which has for context only that community and its local and immediate culture,† and the peasant community and its culture, where â€Å"the context is widened to include the elements of the great traditions that are or have been in interaction with what is local and immediate.† Folk beliefs referred to a body of belief and practice forming part of a community’s local knowledge. As a result, they tended to occupy a region close to the cosmology and common sense of the group, rather than the domain occupied by a consciously accepted creed. Redfield wants to look at cultural change, in the ways that varying degrees of contact with â€Å"civilization† differentially affects â€Å"folk culture† throughout the Yucatan. The Chan Kom study was the first step in a project funded by the Carnegie Institution to look at the question of culture change. The project was to begin by studying † a community where folk culture was complete†. This is Chan Kom. Then, for comparison, the study was to go on to look at â€Å"communities where that culture is in disorganization or conversion into something else†. Eventually, this project would encompass four towns and would place them in a â€Å"folk-urban continuum†.